向应用添加闪屏页

目录

Add Splash Screen Header

闪屏页（也称为启动页）是你的应用在启动时给用户的第一印象。它们就像是你的应用的基础，同时允许你在它展示的时间里，加载你的引擎和初始化你的应用。本指南将展示如何在 Flutter 编写的移动应用中恰当地使用闪屏页。

Splash screens (also known as launch screens) provide a simple initial experience while your mobile app loads. They set the stage for your application, while allowing time for the app engine to load and your app to initialize. This guide teaches you how to use splash screens appropriately on iOS and Android.

iOS 启动页

iOS launch screen

所有应用在交付到 Apple 应用商店之前 必须使用 Xcode storyboard 以提供应用启动页面。

All apps submitted to the Apple App Store must use an Xcode storyboard to provide the app’s launch screen.

默认的 Flutter 模板包括一个名为 LaunchScreen.storyboard 的 Xcode storyboard，可以根据您的选择进行定制你自己的资源。默认情况下，storyboard 将显示空白图像，但你可以修改它。在项目根目录下执行 open ios/Runner.xcworkspace 打开 Flutter 应用程序的 Xcode 项目。然后从项目导航器中选择 Runner/Assets.xcassets，并将所需图像拖拽至 LaunchImage 图像集中。

The default Flutter template includes an Xcode storyboard named LaunchScreen.storyboard that can be customized as you see fit with your own assets. By default, the storyboard displays a blank image, but you can change this. To do so, open the Flutter app’s Xcode project by typing open ios/Runner.xcworkspace from the root of your app directory. Then select Runner/Assets.xcassets from the Project Navigator and drop in the desired images to the LaunchImage image set.

Apple 在 人机接口指南 部分中为发布启动页提供了详细的指南。

Apple provides detailed guidance for launch screens as part of the Human Interface Guidelines.

Android 启动页

Android launch screen

在 Android 中，你有两个可以分开控制的页面：在 Android 应用初始化时的 启动页，以及在 Flutter 初始化时的 闪屏页。

In Android, there are two separate screens that you can control: a launch screen shown while your Android app initializes, and a splash screen that displays while the Flutter experience initializes.

应用初始化

Initializing the app

所有 Android 应用在操作系统准备应用进程时都需要一定的初始化时间。因此 Android 提供了 启动界面 的概念，在应用初始化的时候显示 Drawable。

Every Android app requires initialization time while the operating system sets up the app’s process. Android provides the concept of a launch screen to display a Drawable while the app is initializing.

默认的 Flutter 项目模板定义了启动主题和启动背景。你可以在 styles.xml 中自定义一个主题，将一个 Drawable 配置给该主题的 windowBackground，它将作为启动页被展示。

The default Flutter project template includes a definition of a launch theme and a launch background. You can customize this by editing styles.xml, where you can define a theme whose windowBackground is set to the Drawable that should be displayed as the launch screen.

<style name="LaunchTheme" parent="@android:style/Theme.Black.NoTitleBar">
    <item name="android:windowBackground">@drawable/launch_background</item>
</style>

定义一个普通主题

Define a normal theme

此外，在 styles.xml 中定义一个 普通主题，当启动页消失后，它会应用在 FlutterActivity 上。普通主题的背景仅仅展示非常短暂的时间，例如，当启动页消失后、设备方向改变或者 Activity 恢复期间。因此建议普通主题的背景颜色使用与 Flutter UI 主要背景颜色相似的纯色。

In addition, style.xml defines a normal theme to be applied to FlutterActivity after the launch screen is gone. The normal theme background only shows for a very brief moment after the splash screen disappears, and during orientation change and Activity restoration. Therefore, it is recommended that the normal theme use a solid background color that looks similar to the primary background color of the Flutter UI.

<style name="NormalTheme" parent="@android:style/Theme.Black.NoTitleBar">
    <item name="android:windowBackground">@drawable/normal_background</item>
</style>

在 AndroidManifest.xml 中配置 FlutterActivity

Set up the FlutterActivity in AndroidManifest.xml

在 AndroidManifest.xml 中，将 FlutterActivity 的 theme 设置为启动主题，将元数据元素添加到所需的 FlutterActivity，以知会 Flutter 在适当的时机从启动主题切换到普通主题。

In AndroidManifest.xml, set the theme of FlutterActivity to the launch theme. Then, add a metadata element to the desired FlutterActivity to instruct Flutter to switch from the launch theme to the normal theme at the appropriate time.

<activity
    android:name=".MyActivity"
    android:theme="@style/LaunchTheme"
    // ...
    >
    <meta-data
        android:name="io.flutter.embedding.android.NormalTheme"
        android:resource="@style/NormalTheme"
        />
    <intent-filter>
        <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN"/>
        <category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER"/>
    </intent-filter>
</activity>

如此一来，Android 应用程序就会在在初始化时展示对应的启动页面。

The Android app now displays the desired launch screen while the app initializes.

Flutter 闪屏页

The Flutter splash screen

应用程序中的每个 Flutter 内容都需要一些时间以初始化运行代码的 Dart 线程。这意味着用户将会看到一小会儿的空白屏幕，直到 Flutter 渲染其第一帧为止。为了提升用户体验，Flutter 提供了在其初始化时支持展示一个 Android View 作为闪屏页。

Each Flutter experience in an app requires a few moments to initialize the Dart isolate that runs the code. This means a user momentarily sees a blank screen until Flutter renders its first frame. Flutter supports an improved user experience by displaying an Android View as a splash screen while Flutter initializes.

针对 Flutter 的闪屏页，这里提供了两个可选项。第一个可选项是展示一个你选择的 Drawable，并在其初始化完成后淡出。另外一个可选项是提供一个自定义的 闪屏页，它能够展示出任意你想要的 Android View 内容。

Flutter supports two options for a splash screen. The first option is to display a Drawable of your choice, which fades out after the initialization is complete. The other option is to provide a custom SplashScreen that is capable of displaying any Android View content that you want.

展示Drawable闪屏页

Showing a Drawable splash screen

Drawable 闪屏页可以配置在 FlutterActivity、FlutterFragment 或者 FlutterView 中。

A Drawable splash screen can be configured for a FlutterActivity, FlutterFragment, or FlutterView.

在 FlutterActivity 中配置

In a FlutterActivity

想要在 FlutterActivity 中使用 Drawable 作为 Flutter 闪屏页，请将以下元数据添加到 AndroidManifest.xml 中所关联的 FlutterActivity 中。

To display a Drawable as a Flutter splash screen in a FlutterActivity, add the following metadata to the associated FlutterActivity in AndroidManifest.xml.

<meta-data
    android:name="io.flutter.embedding.android.SplashScreenDrawable"
    android:resource="@drawable/my_splash"
    />

为了使闪屏页和启动页展示出相同的效果，在 io.flutter.embedding.android.SplashScreenDrawable 和 meta-data 中引用相同的 @drawable/launch_background。

To display a splash screen with the same visual as a launch screen, reference the same @drawable/launch_background in the io.flutter.embedding.android.SplashScreenDrawable meta-data.

在 FlutterFragment 中配置

In a FlutterFragment

想要在 FlutterFragment 中使用 Drawable 作为 Flutter 闪屏页，创建一个 FlutterFragment 的子类并重写它的 provideSplashScreen() 方法。

To display a Drawable as a Flutter splash screen in a FlutterFragment, make a subclass of FlutterFragment and override provideSplashScreen().

public class MyFlutterFragment extends FlutterFragment {
    @Override
    protected SplashScreen provideSplashScreen() {
        // Load the splash Drawable.
        Drawable splash = getResources().getDrawable(R.drawable.my_splash);

        // Construct a DrawableSplashScreen with the loaded splash
        // Drawable and return it.
        return new DrawableSplashScreen(splash);
    }
}

创建一个自定义的闪屏页

Creating a custom SplashScreen

闪屏页是一个非常好的推广品牌时机。因此，很多应用实现了独特且高度定制化的闪屏体验。为方便起见，Flutter 允许你将任意的 Android View 作为闪屏进行展示，甚至可以控制 Flutter 第一帧渲染完毕之后如何将 View 过渡到 Flutter。

Splash screens are a great branding opportunity. Because of that, many apps implement unique, highly customized splash experiences. To facilitate this, Flutter allows you to display an arbitrary Android View as a splash screen, and even allows you to control how that View transitions to Flutter after Flutter renders its first frame.

实现一个自定义闪屏 View

Implement a custom splash View

首先，定义一个将被作为闪屏页展示的自定义 View。该 View 可以展示任意内容，从简单的纯色到一个动画。

First, define the custom View that should be displayed as the splash screen. This View could display anything, from a simple solid color to an animation.

实现 SplashScreen 接口

Implement the SplashScreen interface

为已声明的自定义 View 实现 SplashScreen 接口。

With a custom View defined, implement the SplashScreen interface.

本指南展示了两种实现 SplashScreen 的方式。首先，下面是一个 SplashScreen 的示例，它既没有视觉状态，也没有过渡动画。

This guide shows two approaches to a SplashScreen implementation. First, the following is an example of a SplashScreen that has no visual state and no transition animation.

public class SimpleSplashScreen implements SplashScreen {
    @Override
    @Nullable
    public View createSplashView(
      @NonNull Context context,
      @Nullable Bundle savedInstanceState
    ) {
        // Return a new MySplashView without saving a reference, because it
        // has no state that needs to be tracked or controlled.
        return new MySplashView(context);
    }

    @Override
    public void transitionToFlutter(@NonNull Runnable onTransitionComplete) {
        // Immediately invoke onTransitionComplete because this SplashScreen
        // doesn't display a transition animation.
        //
        // Every SplashScreen *MUST* invoke onTransitionComplete at some point
        // for the splash system to work correctly.
        onTransitionComplete.run();
    }
}

第二个示例稍微有些复杂。在此示例中，自定义 SplashScreen 保留了对其自定义 View 的引用，并指示自定义 View 的过渡效果，将 onTransitionComplete 回调传递给自定义 View 进行调用。

The second example is a bit more sophisticated. In this example, the custom SplashScreen keeps a reference to its custom View and instructs the custom View to transition away, passing the onTransitionComplete callback to the custom View to invoke.

public class SplashScreenWithTransition implements SplashScreen {
    private MySplashView mySplashView;

    @Override
    @Nullable
    public View createSplashView(
      @NonNull Context context,
      @Nullable Bundle savedInstanceState
    ) {
        // A reference to the MySplashView is retained so that it can be told
        // to transition away at the appropriate time.
        mySplashView = new MySplashView(context);
        return mySplashView;
    }

    @Override
    public void transitionToFlutter(@NonNull Runnable onTransitionComplete) {
        // Instruct MySplashView to animate away in whatever manner it wants.
        // The onTransitionComplete Runnable is passed to the MySplashView
        // to be invoked when the transition animation is complete.
        mySplashView.animateAway(onTransitionComplete);
    }
}

对于自定义的闪屏页而言，天空才是极限。但是请注意把持好它的度：因为过于复杂而增加了加载时间的闪屏页会让用户感到不舒服。 UX Collective 为你提供了一些很好的提示，帮助你构建 动态且高性能的闪屏页。

With custom splash screens, the sky is the limit. But use the power you have with responsibility: a splash screen that is too complex may frustrate your users by adding to your app’s load time. UX Collective provides some good tips on how to build a dynamic yet performant splash screen.