Flutter 里的持续部署

通过 Flutter 持续交付的最佳实践，确保您的应用程序交付给您的 Beta 版本测试人员并能够频繁予以验证，而无需借助手动工作流程。

Follow continuous delivery best practices with Flutter to make sure your application is delivered to your beta testers and validated on a frequent basis without resorting to manual workflows.

fastlane

本指南介绍了如何将开源工具套件 fastlane 与您现有的测试和持续集成（CI）工作流程（比如 Travis 或 Cirrus）整合在一起。

This guide shows how to integrate fastlane, an open-source tool suite, with your existing testing and continuous integration (CI) workflows (for example, Travis or Cirrus).

本地设置

Local setup

建议在迁移到基于云计算的系统之前，先在本地测试其构建和部署流程。您还可以使用本地机器执行连续交付。

It’s recommended that you test the build and deployment process locally before migrating to a cloud-based system. You could also choose to perform continuous delivery from a local machine.

1. 安装 fastlane gem install fastlane 或 brew cask install fastlane。

   Install fastlane gem install fastlane or brew cask install fastlane.

2. 创建您的 Flutter 项目，准备就绪后，确保通过如下途径构建项目：

   Create your Flutter project, and when ready, make sure that your project builds via

   • flutter build apk --release;
   • flutter build ios --release --no-codesign.

3. 初始化各平台的 fastlane 项目：

   Initialize the fastlane projects for each platform.

   • ：在 [project]/android 目录中，运行 fastlane init 命令。

     In your [project]/android directory, run fastlane init.

   • ：在 [project]/ios 目录下，运行 fastlane init 命令。

     In your [project]/ios directory, run fastlane init.

4. 编辑 Appfile 以确保它有应用程序的基本数据配置：

   Edit the Appfiles to ensure they have adequate metadata for your app.

   • 检查在 [project]/android/Appfile 文件中的 package_name 是否匹配在 AndroidManifest.xml 中的包名。

     Check that package_name in [project]/android/Appfile matches your package name in AndroidManifest.xml.

   • 检查在 [project]/ios/Appfile 中的 app_identifier 是否匹配 Info.plist 文件中的 bundle identifier.

     Check that app_identifier in [project]/ios/Appfile also matches Info.plist’s bundle identifier. Fill in apple_id, itc_team_id, team_id with your respective account info.

5. 设置应用商店的本地登录凭据。

   Set up your local login credentials for the stores.

   • 按照 Supply setup steps 操作，并且确保 fastlane supply init 成功同步了你在 Google Play 商店控制台中的数据。 .json 文件与密码一样重要，切勿将其公开在任何公共源代码控制存储库。

     Follow the Supply setup steps and ensure that fastlane supply init successfully syncs data from your Play Store console. Treat the .json file like your password and do not check it into any public source control repositories.

   • iTunes Connect 用户名已经存在于您的 Appfile 的 apple_id 字段中，你需要将你的 iTunes 密码设置到 FASTLANE_PASSWORD 这个环境变量里。否则，上传到 iTunes/TestFlight时会提示你。

     Your iTunes Connect username is already in your Appfile’s apple_id field. Set the FASTLANE_PASSWORD shell environment variable with your iTunes Connect password. Otherwise, you’ll be prompted when uploading to iTunes/TestFlight.

6. 设置代码签名。

   Set up code signing.

   • 在 Android 上有两种签名 key：发布签名和上传签名。最终用户下载的 .apk 文件使用发布签名。上传签名提供给开发者上传到 Google Play 商店的认证。上传后，Google Play 商店会重新使用发布签名对 .apk 文件签名。

     On Android, there are two signing keys: deployment and upload. The end-users download the .apk signed with the ‘deployment key’. An ‘upload key’ is used to authenticate the .apk uploaded by developers onto the Play Store and is re-signed with the deployment key once in the Play Store.

     • 强烈建议使用自动化的云端管理发布签名。更多信息请查看 Google Play 官方说明。

       It’s highly recommended to use the automatic cloud managed signing for the deployment key. For more information, see the official Play Store documentation.

     • 按照 密钥生成步骤 创建你自己的上传签名。

       Follow the key generation steps to create your upload key.

     • 配置 gradle：通过设置 [project]/android/app/build.gradle 文件下的
       android.buildTypes.release，当编译的时候在 release 模式下使用你自己的上传签名。

       Configure gradle to use your upload key when building your app in release mode by editing android.buildTypes.release in [project]/android/app/build.gradle.

   • 在iOS上，当您准备使用 TestFlight 或 App Store 进行测试和部署时，使用分发证书而不是开发证书进行创建和签名。

     On iOS, create and sign using a distribution certificate instead of a development certificate when you’re ready to test and deploy using TestFlight or App Store.

     • 在 Apple Developer Account console 创建并下载一个分发证书。

       Create and download a distribution certificate in your Apple Developer Account console.

     • 打开 [project]/ios/Runner.xcworkspace/ 在你的项目设置里选择一个分发证书。

       open [project]/ios/Runner.xcworkspace/ and select the distribution certificate in your target’s settings pane.

7. 给每个不同的平台创建一个 Fastfile 脚本。

   Create a Fastfile script for each platform.

   • 在 Android 上按照 fastlane Android beta deployment guide 指引操作。你可以简单的编辑一下文件，加一个名叫 upload_to_play_store 的 lane。为了使用 flutter build 命令编译 apk，要把 apk 参数设置为 ../build/app/outputs/apk/release/app-release.apk。

     On Android, follow the fastlane Android beta deployment guide. Your edit could be as simple as adding a lane that calls upload_to_play_store. Set the apk argument to ../build/app/outputs/apk/release/app-release.apk to use the apk flutter build already built.

   • 在 iOS 上，按照 fastlane iOS beta 部署指南 指引操作。你可以简单编辑一下文件，加一个名叫 build_ios_app 的 lane，并且同时调用 export_method: 'app-store' 和 upload_to_testflight。在 iOS 上只有当要编译成 .app 的时候才会用到 flutter build，其他情况用不到。

     On iOS, follow the fastlane iOS beta deployment guide. Your edit could be as simple as adding a lane that calls build_ios_app with export_method: 'app-store' and upload_to_testflight. On iOS an extra build is required since flutter build builds an .app rather than archiving .ipas for release.

你现在已准备好在本地执行部署或将部署过程迁移到持续集成（CI）系统。

You’re now ready to perform deployments locally or migrate the deployment process to a continuous integration (CI) system.

Running deployment locally

在本地运行部署

1. 构建发布模式应用程序。

   Build the release mode app.

   • flutter build apk --release.
   • flutter build ios --release --no-codesign.

   这个时候不用签名，接下来 fastlane 会自动签名。

   No need to sign now since fastlane will sign when archiving.

2. 在每个平台上运行 Fastfile 脚本。

   Run the Fastfile script on each platform.

   • cd android then fastlane [name of the lane you created].
   • cd ios then fastlane [name of the lane you created].

Cloud build and deploy setup

云构建和部署设置

首先，按照“本地设置”中描述的本地设置部分，确保在迁移到 Travis 等云系统之前，该过程有效。

First, follow the local setup section described in ‘Local setup’ to make sure the process works before migrating onto a cloud system like Travis.

需要考虑的主要事项是，由于云实例是短暂且不可信的，因此你不能在服务器上保留你的凭据，如 Play Store 服务帐户 JSON 或 iTunes 分发证书。

The main thing to consider is that since cloud instances are ephemeral and untrusted, you won’t be leaving your credentials like your Play Store service account JSON or your iTunes distribution certificate on the server.

诸如 Cirrus 之类的持续集成（CI）系统通常支持加密的环境变量来存储私有数据。

Continuous Integration (CI) systems, such as Cirrus generally support encrypted environment variables to store private data.

采取预防措施，不要在测试脚本中将这些变量值重新回显到控制台。 在合并之前，这些变量在拉取请求中也不可用，以确保恶意行为者无法创建打印这些密钥的拉取请求。在接受和合并的 pull 请求中，请注意与这些密钥。

Take precaution not to re-echo those variable values back onto the console in your test scripts. Those variables are also not available in pull requests until they’re merged to ensure that malicious actors cannot create a pull request that prints these secrets out. Be careful with interactions with these secrets in pull requests that you accept and merge.

1. 暂时性登录凭据。

   Make login credentials ephemeral.

   • 在 Android 上：

     On Android:

     • 从 Appfile 里删除 json_key_file 并且在你的 CI 系统里的环境变量。在 upload_to_play_store 里使用 json_key_data 参数从环境变量读取到Fastfile。

       Remove the json_key_file field from Appfile and store the string content of the JSON in your CI system’s encrypted variable. Use the json_key_data argument in upload_to_play_store to read the environment variable directly in your Fastfile.

     • Serialize your upload key (for example, using base64) and save it as an encrypted environment variable. You can deserialize it on your CI system during the install phase with

     序列化您的上传密钥（例如，使用base64）并将其另存为加密环境变量。可以可以在安装阶段在 CI 系统上对其进行反序列化

       echo "$PLAY_STORE_UPLOAD_KEY" | base64 --decode > /home/cirrus/[directory # 在 gradle 中定义的文件夹和文件名].keystore
     

   • 在 iOS 上:

     On iOS:

     • 将本地环境变量 FASTLANE_PASSWORD 转而使用 CI 系统的加密的环境变量。

       Move the local environment variable FASTLANE_PASSWORD to use encrypted environment variables on the CI system.

     • CI 系统需要有权限拿到你的分发证书。建议使用fastlane 的 Match 系统在不同的机器上同步你的证书。

       The CI system needs access to your distribution certificate. fastlane’s Match system is recommended to synchronize your certificates across machines.

2. 建议每次使用 Gemfile 而不是 gem install fastlane 以避免其在 CI 系统上使用的不确定性，以确保 fastlane 依赖关系在本地和云计算机之间稳定且可重现。但是，此步骤是可选的。

   It’s recommended to use a Gemfile instead of using an indeterministic gem install fastlane on the CI system each time to ensure the fastlane dependencies are stable and reproducible between local and cloud machines. However, this step is optional.

   • 在 [project]/android 和 [project]/ios 文件夹中，创建一个 Gemfile 包含以下内容：

     In both your [project]/android and [project]/ios folders, create a Gemfile containing the following content:

     source "https://rubygems.org"
     
     gem "fastlane"
     

   • 在两个目录中，运行 bundle update 并将两者的 Gemfile 和 Gemfile.lock 文件纳入源代码管理。

     In both directories, run bundle update and check both Gemfile and Gemfile.lock into source control.

   • 当你在本地运行的时候,请使用 bundle exec fastlane 而不是 fastlane。

     When running locally, use bundle exec fastlane instead of fastlane.

3. 在你的仓库根目录创建一个 CI 测试脚本，例如： .travis.yml 或 .cirrus.yml。

   Create the CI test script such as .travis.yml or .cirrus.yml in your repository root.

   • 分开你的脚本以便能在 Linux 和 macOS 两个平台运行。

     Shard your script to run on both Linux and macOS platforms.

   • 请记住为 macOS 指定具体版本的 Xcode（例如 osx_image: xcode9.2）。

     Remember to specify a dependency on Xcode for macOS (for example osx_image: xcode9.2).

   • 有关特定于 CI 的设置，请参见 fastlane CI 文档。

     See fastlane CI documentation for CI specific setup.

   • 在设置阶段，根据平台，确保以下几点：

     During the setup phase, depending on the platform, make sure that:

     • Bundler 可以使用 gem install bundler。

       Bundler is available using gem install bundler.

     • 对于 Android 平台，请确保已经设置正确的 ANDROID_HOME 环境变量。

       For Android, make sure the Android SDK is available and the ANDROID_HOME path is set.

     • 在 [project]/android 或 [project]/ios 目录下分别运行 bundle install命令。

       Run bundle install in [project]/android or [project]/ios.

     • Make sure the Flutter SDK is available and set in PATH.

   • In the script phase of the CI task:

      确保 Flutter SDK 已经正确了设置在了 `PATH` 环境变量中
     

     • 根据平台的不同可以运行 flutter build apk --release 或 flutter build ios --release --no-codesign

       Run flutter build apk --release or flutter build ios --release --no-codesign depending on the platform.

     • 然后执行 cd android 或 cd ios 命令。

       cd android or cd ios.

     • 最后执行 bundle exec fastlane [name of the lane] 命令。

       bundle exec fastlane [name of the lane].

参考

Reference

Flutter repo 里的示例应用 Flutter Gallery 使用 fastlane 连续部署。有关 fastlane 实际运行示例，请参阅源代码。另请参阅 Flutter 框架仓库库的 Cirrus 脚本。

The Flutter Gallery in the Flutter repo uses fastlane for continuous deployment. See the source for a working example of fastlane in action. Also see the Flutter framework repository’s Cirrus script.

其他服务

Other services

其他关于如何进行持续交付的服务：

The following are some other options available to help automate the delivery of your application.

• GitLab 的持续交付集成 (GitLab CI/CD). 你需要创建一个 .gitlab-ci.yml 的配置文件，你可以在 flutter_redux library 这个 repo 找到 例子。

  GitLab Continuous Integration (GitLab CI/CD). You’ll need to create and configure a .gitlab-ci.yml file. You can find an example in the flutter_redux library.

• 使用 Codemagic 为 Flutter 应用加入持续交付

  Codemagic CI/CD for Flutter

• 使用 Bitrise 为 Flutter 应用加入持续交付

  Flutter CI/CD with Bitrise