动画概览

Flutter 中的动画系统基于 Animation。Widgets 可以直接将这些动画合并到自己的 build 方法中来读取它们的当前值或者监听它们的状态变化，或者可以将其作为的更复杂动画的基础传递给其他 widgets。

The animation system in Flutter is based on typed Animation objects. Widgets can either incorporate these animations in their build functions directly by reading their current value and listening to their state changes or they can use the animations as the basis of more elaborate animations that they pass along to other widgets.

Animation

动画系统的首要组成部分就是 Animation 类。一个动画表现为可在它的生命周期内发生变化的特定类型的值。大多数需要执行动画的 widgets 都需要接收一个 Animation 对象作为参数，从而能从中获取到动画的当前状态值以及应该监听哪些具体值的更改。

The primary building block of the animation system is the Animation class. An animation represents a value of a specific type that can change over the lifetime of the animation. Most widgets that perform an animation receive an Animation object as a parameter, from which they read the current value of the animation and to which they listen for changes to that value.

addListener

每当动画的状态值发生变化时，动画都会通知所有通过 addListener 添加的监听器。通常，一个正在监听动画的 State 对象会调用自身的 setState 方法，将自身传入这些监听器的回调函数来通知 widget 系统需要根据新状态值进行重新构建。

Whenever the animation’s value changes, the animation notifies all the listeners added with addListener. Typically, a State object that listens to an animation calls setState on itself in its listener callback to notify the widget system that it needs to rebuild with the new value of the animation.

这种模式非常常见，所以有两个 widgets 可以帮助其他 widgets 在动画改变值时进行重新构建：AnimatedWidget 和 AnimatedBuilder。第一个是 AnimatedWidget，对于无状态动画 widgets 来说是尤其有用的。要使用 AnimatedWidget，只需继承它并实现一个 build 方法。第二个是 AnimatedBuilder，对于希望将动画作为复杂 widgets 的 build 方法的其中一部分的情况非常有用。要使用 AnimatedBuilder，只需构造 widget 并将 AnimatedBuilder 传递给 widget 的 builder 方法。

This pattern is so common that there are two widgets that help widgets rebuild when animations change value: AnimatedWidget and AnimatedBuilder. The first, AnimatedWidget, is most useful for stateless animated widgets. To use AnimatedWidget, simply subclass it and implement the build function. The second, AnimatedBuilder, is useful for more complex widgets that wish to include an animation as part of a larger build function. To use AnimatedBuilder, simply construct the widget and pass it a builder function.

addStatusListener

动画还提供了一个 AnimationStatus，表示动画将如何随时间进行变化。每当动画的状态发生变化时，动画都会通知所有通过 addStatusListener 添加的监听器。通常情况下，动画会从 dismissed 状态开始，表示它处于变化区间的开始点。举例来说，从 0.0 到 1.0 的动画在 dismissed 状态时的值应该是 0.0。动画进行的下一状态可能是 forward（比如从 0.0 到 1.0）或者 reverse（比如从 1.0 到 0.0）。最终，如果动画到达其区间的结束点（比如 1.0），则动画会变成 completed 状态。

Animations also provide an AnimationStatus, which indicates how the animation will evolve over time. Whenever the animation’s status changes, the animation notifies all the listeners added with addStatusListener. Typically, animations start out in the dismissed status, which means they’re at the beginning of their range. For example, animations that progress from 0.0 to 1.0 will be dismissed when their value is 0.0. An animation might then run forward (from 0.0 to 1.0) or perhaps in reverse (from 1.0 to 0.0). Eventually, if the animation reaches the end of its range (1.0), the animation reaches the completed status.

Animation­Controller

要创建动画，首先要创建一个 AnimationController。除了作为动画本身，AnimationController 还可以用来控制动画。例如，你可以通过控制器让动画正向播放 forward 或停止动画 stop。你还可以添加物理模拟效果 fling（例如弹簧效果）来驱动动画。

To create an animation, first create an AnimationController. As well as being an animation itself, an AnimationController lets you control the animation. For example, you can tell the controller to play the animation forward or stop the animation. You can also fling animations, which uses a physical simulation, such as a spring, to drive the animation.

一旦创建了一个动画控制器，你可以基于它来构建其他动画。例如，你可以创建一个 ReverseAnimation，效果是复制一个动画但是将其反向运行（比如从 1.0 到 0.0）。同样，你可以创建一个 CurvedAnimation，效果是用 [curve][] 来调整动画的值。

Once you’ve created an animation controller, you can start building other animations based on it. For example, you can create a ReverseAnimation that mirrors the original animation but runs in the opposite direction (from 1.0 to 0.0). Similarly, you can create a CurvedAnimation whose value is adjusted by a Curve.

补间动画

Tweens

如果想要在 0.0 到 1.0 的区间之外设置动画，可以使用 Tween<T>，它可以在它的 begin 值和 end 值之间进行插值补间。许多类都有特定的 Tween 子类，它们能提供基于特定类型的插值行为。例如， ColorTween 可以在颜色间进行插值，RectTween 可以在矩形之间进行插值。你可以通过创建自己的 Tween 子类并覆盖其 lerp 方法来定义自己的补间动画。

To animate beyond the 0.0 to 1.0 interval, you can use a Tween<T>, which interpolates between its begin and end values. Many types have specific Tween subclasses that provide type-specific interpolation. For example, ColorTween interpolates between colors and RectTween interpolates between rects. You can define your own interpolations by creating your own subclass of Tween and overriding its lerp function.

补间动画本身只定义了如何在两个值之间进行插值。要获取动画当前帧的具体值，还需要一个动画来确定当前状态。有两种方法可以将补间动画与动画组合在一起以获得动画的具体值：

By itself, a tween just defines how to interpolate between two values. To get a concrete value for the current frame of an animation, you also need an animation to determine the current state. There are two ways to combine a tween with an animation to get a concrete value:

1. 你可以用 evaluate 方法处理动画的当前值从而得到对应的插值。这种方法对于已经监听动画并因此在动画改变值时重新构建的 widgets 是最有效的。

   You can evaluate the tween at the current value of an animation. This approach is most useful for widgets that are already listening to the animation and hence rebuilding whenever the animation changes value.

2. 你可以用 animate 方法处理一个动画。相对于返回单个值，animate 方法返回一个包含补间动画插值的新的 Animation。这种方法对于当你想要将新创建的动画提供给另一个 widget 时最有效，它可以直接读取包含补间动画的插值以及监听对应插值的更改。

   You can animate the tween based on the animation. Rather than returning a single value, the animate function returns a new Animation that incorporates the tween. This approach is most useful when you want to give the newly created animation to another widget, which can then read the current value that incorporates the tween as well as listen for changes to the value.

架构

Architecture

动画实际上是由许多核心模块共同构建的。

Animations are actually built from a number of core building blocks.

调度器

Scheduler

SchedulerBinding 是一个暴露出 Flutter 调度原语的单例类。

The SchedulerBinding is a singleton class that exposes the Flutter scheduling primitives.

在这一节，关键原语是帧回调。每当一帧需要在屏幕上显示时，Flutter 的引擎会触发一个 “开始帧” 回调，调度程序会将其多路传输给所有使用 scheduleFrameCallback() 注册的监听器。所有这些回调不管在任意状态或任意时刻都可以收到这一帧的绝对时间戳。由于所有回调收到时间戳都相同，因此这些回调触发的任何动画看起来都是完全同步的，即使它们需要几毫秒才能执行。

For this discussion, the key primitive is the frame callbacks. Each time a frame needs to be shown on the screen, Flutter’s engine triggers a “begin frame” callback that the scheduler multiplexes to all the listeners registered using scheduleFrameCallback(). All these callbacks are given the official time stamp of the frame, in the form of a Duration from some arbitrary epoch. Since all the callbacks have the same time, any animations triggered from these callbacks will appear to be exactly synchronised even if they take a few milliseconds to be executed.

运行器

Tickers

Ticker 类挂载在调度器的 scheduleFrameCallback() 的机制上，来达到每次运行都会触发回调的效果。

The Ticker class hooks into the scheduler’s scheduleFrameCallback() mechanism to invoke a callback every tick.

一个 Ticker 可以被启动和停止. 启动时，它会返回一个 Future，这个 Future 在 Ticker 停止时会被改为完成状态。

A Ticker can be started and stopped. When started, it returns a Future that will resolve when it is stopped.

每次运行, Ticker 都会为回调函数提供从 Ticker 开始运行到现在的持续时间。

Each tick, the Ticker provides the callback with the duration since the first tick after it was started.

因为运行器总是会提供在自它们开始运行以来的持续时间，所以所有运行器都是同步的。如果你在两帧之间的不同时刻启动三个运行器，它们都会被同步到相同的开始时间，并随后同步运行。

Because tickers always give their elapsed time relative to the first tick after they were started, tickers are all synchronised. If you start three ticks at different times between two frames, they will all nonetheless be synchronised with the same starting time, and will subsequently tick in lockstep.

模拟器

Simulations

Simulation 抽象类将相对时间值（运行时间）映射为双精度值，并且有完成的概念。

The Simulation abstract class maps a relative time value (an elapsed time) to a double value, and has a notion of completion.

原则上，模拟器是无状态的，但在实践中，一些模拟器（例如 BouncingScrollSimulation 和 ClampingScrollSimulation）在查询时会不可逆地被改变状态。

In principle simulations are stateless but in practice some simulations (for example, BouncingScrollSimulation and ClampingScrollSimulation) change state irreversibly when queried.

针对不同的效果，Simulation 类有 各种具体实现。

There are various concrete implementations of the Simulation class for different effects.

Animatables

Animatable 抽象类将双精度值映射为特定类型的值。

The Animatable abstract class maps a double to a value of a particular type.

Animatable 类是无状态和不可变的。

Animatable classes are stateless and immutable.

补间动画

Tweens

[Tween][] 抽象类将名义范围为 0.0-1.0 的双精度值映射到某个类型值（例如 Color 或其他双精度值)。它属于 Animatable。

The Tween<T> abstract class maps a double value nominally in the range 0.0-1.0 to a typed value (for example, a Color, or another double). It is an Animatable.

它有一个输出类型（T）的概念，这个输出类型有一个 begin 值和一个end 值，以及在给定输入值的起始值和结束值（名义范围为 0.0-1.0 的双精度值）之间插值（lerp）的方法。

It has a notion of an output type (T), a begin value and an end value of that type, and a way to interpolate (lerp) between the begin and end values for a given input value (the double nominally in the range 0.0-1.0).

Tween 类是无状态和不可变的。

Tween classes are stateless and immutable.

组合 animatables

Composing animatables

将 Animatable<double>（父类）传递给一个 Animatable 的 chain() 方法会创建一个新的 Animatable 子类，这个子类会先应用父类的映射，然后应用子类的映射。

Passing an Animatable<double> (the parent) to an Animatable’s chain() method creates a new Animatable subclass that applies the parent’s mapping then the child’s mapping.

曲线

Curves

Curve 抽象类将名义范围为 0.0-1.0 的双精度值映射到名义范围为 0.0-1.0 的双精度值。

The Curve abstract class maps doubles nominally in the range 0.0-1.0 to doubles nominally in the range 0.0-1.0.

Curve 类是无状态和不可变的。

Curve classes are stateless and immutable.

动画

Animations

Animation 抽象类提供给定类型的值、动画方向的概念和动画状态和一个监听器接口，这个监听器接口用来注册值或状态的改变时被调用的回调。

The Animation abstract class provides a value of a given type, a concept of animation direction and animation status, and a listener interface to register callbacks that get invoked when the value or status change.

有些 Animation 的子类值是永远不变的（kAlwaysCompleteAnimation， kAlwaysDismissedAnimation， AlwaysStoppedAnimation），在这些子类上注册回调没有任何效果，因为这些回调永远不会被调用。

Some subclasses of Animation have values that never change (kAlwaysCompleteAnimation, kAlwaysDismissedAnimation, AlwaysStoppedAnimation); registering callbacks on these has no effect as the callbacks are never called.

Animation<double> 变量很特殊，因为它可以被用来表示名义范围为 0.0-1.0 的双精度值，也就是 Curve 和 Tween 类以及动画的一些其他子类所期望的输入。

The Animation<double> variant is special because it can be used to represent a double nominally in the range 0.0-1.0, which is the input expected by Curve and Tween classes, as well as some further subclasses of Animation.

有些 Animation 的子类是无状态的，只是将监听器转发给其父级；另外有些是有状态的。

Some Animation subclasses are stateless, merely forwarding listeners to their parents. Some are very stateful.

组合动画

Composable animations

大多数 Animation 子类都采用明确的 “父级提供的” Animation<double>。可以说它们是由父级驱动的。

Most Animation subclasses take an explicit “parent” Animation<double>. They are driven by that parent.

CurvedAnimation 子类接收一个 Animation<double> 类（父级）和几个 Curve 类（正向和反向曲线）作为输入，并使用父级的值作为输入提供给曲线来确定它的输出。CurvedAnimation 是不可变和无状态的。

The CurvedAnimation subclass takes an Animation<double> class (the parent) and a couple of Curve classes (the forward and reverse curves) as input, and uses the value of the parent as input to the curves to determine its output. CurvedAnimation is immutable and stateless.

ReverseAnimation 子类接收一个 Animation<double> 类作为它的父级，但反转动画所有的值。它假定父级使用名义范围为 0.0-1.0 的双精度值，并返回范围为 1.0-0.0 的值。父级动画的状态和方向也会被反转。ReverseAnimation 是不可变和无状态的。

The ReverseAnimation subclass takes an Animation<double> class as its parent and reverses all the values of the animation. It assumes the parent is using a value nominally in the range 0.0-1.0 and returns a value in the range 1.0-0.0. The status and direction of the parent animation are also reversed. ReverseAnimation is immutable and stateless.

ProxyAnimation 子类接收一个 Animation<double> 类作为其父级，并仅转发该父级的当前状态。然而，父级是可变的。

The ProxyAnimation subclass takes an Animation<double> class as its parent and merely forwards the current state of that parent. However, the parent is mutable.

TrainHoppingAnimation 子类接收两个父类，并在它们的值交叉时在它们之间切换。

The TrainHoppingAnimation subclass takes two parents, and switches between them when their values cross.

动画控制器

Animation Controllers

AnimationController 是一个有状态的 Animation<double>，并使用一个 Ticker 来提供生命周期，它可以被启动和停止。每次运行，它会收集从启动开始经过的时间，并将其传递给 Simulation 来获得一个值，这就是在当前时间戳下它应该传递的值。如果 Simulation 反馈此时动画已经结束了，则控制器就会自行停止。

The AnimationController is a stateful Animation<double> that uses a Ticker to give itself life. It can be started and stopped. At each tick, it takes the time elapsed since it was started and passes it to a Simulation to obtain a value. That is then the value it reports. If the Simulation reports that at that time it has ended, then the controller stops itself.

可以给动画控制器设置动画运行的下限和上限，还有动画的持续时间。

The animation controller can be given a lower and upper bound to animate between, and a duration.

在一般情况下（使用 forward()、reverse()、play() 或者 resume()），动画控制器只是简单地在持续时间内线性地从下限至上限（反之亦然，用于在反向方向）进行插值补间。

In the simple case (using forward(), reverse(), play(), or resume()), the animation controller simply does a linear interpolation from the lower bound to the upper bound (or vice versa, for the reverse direction) over the given duration.

当使用 repeat() 时，动画控制器会在持续时间内线性地在上下边界之间进行插值补间，但会一直重复，不会停止。

When using repeat(), the animation controller uses a linear interpolation between the given bounds over the given duration, but does not stop.

当使用 animateTo() 时，动画控制器会在持续时间内线性地从当前值到给定目标值进行插值补间。如果方法没有指定持续时间，则使用控制器的默认持续时间和控制器的上下限范围来确定动画的速度。

When using animateTo(), the animation controller does a linear interpolation over the given duration from the current value to the given target. If no duration is given to the method, the default duration of the controller and the range described by the controller’s lower bound and upper bound is used to determine the velocity of the animation.

当使用 fling() 时，一个 Force 被用来创建一个特定的模拟器，然后用来驱动控制器。

When using fling(), a Force is used to create a specific simulation which is then used to drive the controller.

当使用 animateWith() 时，给定的模拟器会被用于驱动控制器。

When using animateWith(), the given simulation is used to drive the controller.

这些方法都会返回 Ticker 提供的将来值，交由控制器下一次停止或改变模拟器时来完成。

These methods all return the future that the Ticker provides and which will resolve when the controller next stops or changes simulation.

将 animatables 附加到动画上

Attaching animatables to animations

将 Animation<double>（新父级）传递给一个 Animatable 类的 animate() 方法将创建一个新的 Animation 子类，它的作用类似于 Animatable，但是由给定的父级驱动。

Passing an Animation<double> (the new parent) to an Animatable’s animate() method creates a new Animation subclass that acts like the Animatable but is driven from the given parent.